Economic Paradigm Research Articles

Social Context and Violence in Adolescence: An Ethopsychoanalytic Perspective

ABSTRACT This article is an attempt to understand youth violence considering its alarming increase. This violence arises from the confluence of the helplessness of children of vulnerable single mothers with an environment that is far removed from the one in which we evolved 2 million years ago, inscribed in our ethogram. This unfortunate confluence generates violence that increases through “violent imagination” in what is experienced as an “unlawful world.” The loss of an expectable environment relates to Winnicott’s understanding of antisocial behavior and antisocial personality now embedded in the neo-liberal economic paradigm that has predominated in recent decades. Finally, I explore the function of the moral third, embedded in the social fabric, as a guarantor of social and cultural environmental provision and when this is lacking, it is necessary repair to deal with youth violence.

Least-cost and 2 °C-compliant mitigation pathways robust to physical uncertainty, economic paradigms, and intergenerational cost distribution

Each run of an integrated assessment models produces a single mitigation pathway consistent with stated objectives (e.g. maximum temperature) and optimizing some objective function (e.g. minimizing total discounted costs of mitigation). Even though models can be run thousands of times, it is unclear how built-in assumptions constrain the final set of pathways. Here we aim at broadly exploring the space of possible mitigation scenarios for a given mitigation target, and at characterizing the sets of pathways that are (near-)optimal, taking uncertainties into account. We produce an extensive set of CO2 emission pathways that stay below 2 °C of warming using a reduced-form climate-carbon model with a 1000 different physical states. We then identify 18 sets of quasi ‘least-cost’ mitigation pathways, under six assumptions about cost functions and three different cost minimization functions embarking different visions of intergenerational cost distribution. A first key outcome is that the absence or presence of inertia in the cost function plays a pivotal role in the resulting set of least-cost pathways. Second, despite inherent structural differences, we find common pathways across the 18 combinations in 96% of the physical states studied. Interpreting these common pathways as robust economically and in terms of intergenerational distribution, we shed light on some of their characteristics, even though these robust pathways differ for each physical state.

Effect of oasis and irrigation on mountain precipitation in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains based on stable isotopes

Water is one of the scarcest resources in arid regions, and irrigation is an important means to improve crop yield and ensure food security. The Xinjiang features an integrated irrigation agriculture and oasis economy paradigm. However, the understanding of the impact mechanism and quantitative analysis of irrigation on precipitation is inadequate now. With the aim of clarifying the response relationship between mountain precipitation and irrigation in oasis, we clarify and quantify the moisture sources of precipitation using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and multisource data (including field-collected isotopes data, C-Isoscape, ERA5, and GDAS). The results obtained show: (1) Isotope analysis provides valuable insights into the climate background and precipitation recycling. The Local Meteoric Water Line's lower slope and intercept than Global Meteoric Water Line suggest a severe arid climate and strong sub-cloud evaporation. The intercept (13.44) of Local Meteoric Water Line in Mountain Areas exceeds the global average, indicating significant moisture recycling in mountain areas (MA). The d-excess in MA is prominent year-round, highlighting the influence of recycled moisture. (2) The oasis and irrigation influence the local precipitation through offset, remote, combination, and delayed effects. The offset effect hinders precipitation formation in irrigation areas (IA) due to the counteracting irrigation-induced humidification and cooling effect. Through the interaction of westerly circulation and local mountain-oasis hydrological cycle, irrigation-induced moisture is transported to MA and uplifted, which is remote effect. The combination effect synergistically enhances precipitation intensity, especially in intricate MA, through the combined influence of terrain's forced uplift and convective cells. Furthermore, the mountainous precipitation influenced by the mountain-oasis hydrological cycle often exhibits a delayed effect. (3) Based on HYSPLIT model tracking results, the contribution ratio of oasis and irrigation induced evapotranspiration to summer precipitation in MA is approximately 19.60%, ranging from 13.68% to 28.49%. The findings provide insights into the mechanisms of irrigation and water resource management in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains.

Identifying the path choice of digital economy to crack the “resource curse" in China from the perspective of configuration

Against the backdrop of the “green economy", economic growth and environmental protection are perceived as interdependent and inseparable entities. The digital economy, as a novel economic paradigm, plays a crucial role in unraveling the “resource curse" of excessive resource consumption under traditional development models. This study employs the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method investigate the configuration effects of technical, organizational, and environmental factors on addressing the “resource curse" across 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in China. It also examines the interactive matching relationships among different factors and the heterogeneity of the digital economy in mitigating the “resource curse". It is significantly established that breaking the “resource curse" does not have a single necessary condition, and the environmental factors emerge as pivotal elements for each province in this process. Considering the role of digital economy, there are four distinct configuration paths for the digital economy to mitigate the “resource curse", each exhibiting significant regional and industrial dependence heterogeneity. This research approach integrates the digital economy with traditional resource economies, aiming to explore new development patterns and theoretical frameworks. It also seeks to provide policymakers with practical strategies to guide economic and social transition towards a modernized path characterized by green, circular, and efficient development with the aid of the digital tools.

Introducing the circular assessment of suppliers (CAoS) tool: A Kraljic matrix-based tool to facilitate circular procurement in private organizations

The emerging paradigm of the circular economy necessitates instruments capable of monitoring advancements in a timely and reliable fashion, thereby fostering superior decision-making and instantaneous feedback within corporations. Although numerous tools offer comprehensive evaluations of a company's circular endeavors, certain strategic facets associated with the circular economy are often overlooked. For example, there is a notable scarcity of frameworks or tools designed to assist private businesses in choosing suppliers in alignment with circular economy principles. This manuscript aims to introduce the Circular Assessment of Suppliers (CAoS) tool, a straightforward instrument that private organizations may utilize to gauge their suppliers' adherence to circular principles. The tool's genesis is rooted in the Kraljic Matrix, an approach employed to categorize a company's suppliers by subdividing them based on the intricacy of the supply market. Its development was concluded after conducting a review of the literature concerning circular supply chains and then choosing the appropriate criteria with expert guidance. This manuscript also unveils industrial implementations of this tool, as evidenced by two case studies. By integrating such a tool, a company can dynamically evaluate all suppliers, thus augmenting the circularity of procurement decisions. This tool could also function as a means to engage suppliers in dialogues about mutual circular priorities within the value chain.

Chemical engineering and the circular water economy: Simulations for sustainable water management in environmental systems

In the face of escalating water scarcity and environmental degradation, the imperative for sustainable water management has never been more urgent. Chemical engineering emerges as a pivotal discipline in the pursuit of solutions to these pressing challenges. This review explores the role of chemical engineering in advancing the circular water economy paradigm through simulations aimed at fostering sustainable water management within environmental systems. The circular water economy concept advocates for the efficient utilization, recycling, and reclamation of water resources to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency. Chemical engineering techniques play a fundamental role in realizing this vision through the design and optimization of water treatment processes, resource recovery systems, and advanced simulation methodologies. This review delves into the application of computational simulations within the realm of chemical engineering to model and analyze various aspects of the water cycle. Such simulations enable the assessment of complex environmental systems, aiding in the identification of optimal strategies for water resource allocation, pollution control, and ecosystem preservation. Key areas of focus include the simulation of wastewater treatment processes, such as biological, physical, and chemical treatment methods, to enhance pollutant removal efficiency and promote water reuse. Furthermore, advanced modeling techniques facilitate the evaluation of innovative technologies like membrane filtration, adsorption, and electrochemical processes for the purification and desalination of water resources. Moreover, chemical engineering simulations enable the assessment of integrated water management strategies, encompassing aspects of urban water systems, industrial processes, and agricultural practices. By considering the interconnectedness of various sectors, holistic approaches to water resource management can be formulated, promoting resilience and sustainability in the face of changing environmental conditions. The integration of chemical engineering simulations into the framework of the circular water economy offers a promising avenue for advancing sustainable water management practices. Through comprehensive modeling and analysis, informed decision-making can pave the way towards a more resilient and equitable water future, ensuring the long-term viability of our environmental systems.

Corporate training is a mechanism for the reproduction of labor resources

 The availability of professional skills adequate to the modern economic and technological paradigm among citizens forming the country’s labor resources is an important task for the sustainability of national economic and production systems. Corporate universities established in companies contribute to solving this problem in many ways. Organizations use the corporate university model to promote their learning initiative in order to effectively manage their large investments in professional development and staff development. Thus, corporate training has expanded its influence, and not limited to the functions of reproducing professional competencies within individual companies, it is currently a mechanism for implementing government programs and concepts for the formation and development of skills of the population, which corresponds to the policy of workforce development as one of the significant factors of state sustainability in the context of economic transformation and global challenges.

The Multifaceted Perspective on the Role of Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Promoting a Sustainable Green Economy

The current economic development paradigm, which is based on steadily rising resource consumption and pollution emissions, is no longer viable in a world with limited resources and ecological capacity. The “green economy” idea has presented this context with a chance to alter how society handles the interplay between the environmental and economic spheres. The related concept of “green nanotechnology” aims to use nano-innovations within the fields of materials science and engineering to generate products and processes that are economically and ecologically sustainable, enabling society to establish and preserve a green economy. Many different economic sectors are anticipated to be impacted by these applications, including those related to corrosion inhibitor nanofertilizers, nanoremediation, biodegradation, heavy metal detection, biofuel, insecticides and pesticides, and catalytic CO2 reduction. These innovations might make it possible to use non-traditional water sources safely and to create construction materials that are enabled by nanotechnology, improving living and ecological conditions. Therefore, our aim is to highlight how nanotechnology is being used in the green economy and to present promises for nano-applications in this domain. In the end, it emphasizes how critical it is to attain a truly sustainable advancement in nanotechnology.

The Effect of Global Monetary Policy Changes on the Financial Strategy of International Companies

In the interconnected global economy, the financial strategies of international corporations play a crucial role in navigating the dynamic landscape shaped by various factors, including monetary policies set by central banks worldwide. This narrative explores the intricate interplay between global monetary policy changes and the financial strategies of multinational corporations, investigating how shifts in these policies reverberate across borders, impacting corporate decision-making, risk management, and performance. Over recent decades, significant transformations in monetary policy frameworks have occurred, driven by evolving economic paradigms, financial crises, and geopolitical dynamics. Central banks have deployed a range of tools, from conventional inflation targeting to unconventional measures like quantitative easing, to stabilize economies and stimulate growth. However, the effectiveness and unintended consequences of these policies transcend domestic boundaries, permeating the international financial system and shaping the strategic imperatives of multinational corporations. The impact of global monetary policy changes on international companies' financial strategies is substantial. U.S. monetary policy shocks notably affect foreign firms, especially those with extensive global production linkages and financial constraints. Financial globalization has made domestic financial conditions more vulnerable to external shocks, reinforcing the case for price stability as an optimal monetary rule. The volatility of foreign currency exchange rates significantly affects international budgeting, while multinationals with foreign involvement exhibit lower leverage ratios and rely more on short-term borrowing. One primary channel through which global monetary policy changes influence international companies is by altering financing costs and access to capital. Changes in interest rates and liquidity conditions affect borrowing costs for firms operating across borders, impacting investment decisions, capital allocation, and capital structure optimization. Additionally, these changes induce currency fluctuations and volatility, necessitating robust currency risk management strategies to safeguard revenues and mitigate exchange rate exposure. Furthermore, global monetary policy changes affect asset prices, financial markets, and investor sentiment, shaping the risk-return dynamics faced by international companies. Expansive monetary policies often fuel asset price inflation and influence investment strategies, while abrupt policy shifts can trigger market dislocations and liquidity constraints. Beyond financial markets, monetary policy changes influence macroeconomic variables, such as economic growth, inflation, and trade patterns, shaping international companies' operating environments and strategic decisions. In conclusion, the interconnectedness of global financial markets accentuates the importance of agility, flexibility, and strategic foresight for multinational corporations in navigating the impact of monetary policy changes on their financial strategies and overall performance.

Applying circular economy principles and life cycle assessment: A novel approach using vine shoots waste for cadmium removal from water

This research investigates the potential of utilizing vine shoots, a byproduct of the viticulture industry, as biosorbent for cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. The Spanish wine industry, one of the most influential sectors, produces two to three million tons of vine shoots. By using vine shoots as biosorbent, this study contributes to the circular economy paradigm, transforming waste materials into valuable resources and minimizing environmental impacts associated with waste generation and disposal. The research underscores the significance of vine shoots in biosorption due to its high lignocellulosic content. By experimental analysis, the efficacy of vine shoots in cadmium biosorption is evaluated, considering factors such as environmental impact or energy consumption. This study examines the effect of six key input parameters on cadmium removal efficiency and power consumption, identifying optimal conditions for maximum removal with minimal energy consumption. The findings suggest that vine shoots offer promising biosorption capabilities, promoting sustainability in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation efforts. By employing the response surface method alongside desirability functions, the study determined the optimal variables for two distinct optimization scenarios. Notably, in the second optimization scenario, a cadmium removal rate of 99.23 % was achieved while consuming 25.6 W of power. The input parameters for this achievement should be set as follows: initial cadmium concentration of 100 ppm, pH level of 8, stirring time of 75 min, stirring speed of 100 rpm, temperature of 26 °C, and a dose of vine shoots of 0.1 g.

Conditions of institutionalism application as a theoretical basis for economic analysis

Russian society is a complex social system, the functioning of which is conditioned by socio-economic policy, the development process of which requires a comprehensive economic analysis of virtually all spheres of social interaction. The interdisciplinary scientific approach to economic analysis, which makes it possible to consider the impact on socio-economic development of various aspects of the state and society functioning, is inherent in institutional economic theory. However, the problem of its application to the Russian state and society analysis is that institutionalism developed by American scientists is based on analyzing the political and legal system of the United States of America, which differ significantly from the political and legal system of Russia. The purpose of the study is to determine the conditions for institutionalism application in the process of economic analysis of political and economic subsystems of Russian society and socio-economic policy development that meets the requirements of the time. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the impossibility of applying the neoclassical economic paradigm to conduct a comprehensive economic analysis of the social system, as well as by the institutionalism dynamic development, which applies an interdisciplinary approach to economic analysis. The study proposes measures aimed at adapting institutionalism to the conditions of Russia and its population development, formulates the author’s approach to the universal definition of its basic concepts. The study contributes to institutionalism development, promotes a unified institutional economic theory creation and the conditions for its application for the interdisciplinary economic analysis of various aspects of the Russian society development as a complex social system.

Transformasi Paradigma Pembangunan Ekonomi: Membangun Masa Depan Berkelanjutan melalui Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah

This article illustrates a paradigm shift in economic development through the lens of Islamic Economics, with a specific focus on sustainable development. The background involves a profound understanding of global economic challenges and the necessity to construct a sustainable development foundation from the perspective of Islamic economic values. The research aims to analyze the contribution of Islamic Economics in addressing economic imbalances, poverty alleviation, and community empowerment. The research methodology entails an in-depth literature review and a critical analysis of existing development models. The findings of this study indicate that the implementation of Islamic Economic concepts has the potential to foster more inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Factors such as distributive justice, community participation, and environmental sustainability take center stage in shaping Shariah-based economic policies. In this context, the article also identifies innovations and best practices in applying Islamic Economic principles to economic development. The conclusion of this article summarizes that the transformation of the economic development paradigm through the Islamic Economics approach can create a robust foundation for sustainable development. The primary contributions lie in achieving economic justice, community empowerment, and environmental sustainability. Thus, this article makes a significant contribution by providing insights and a new direction for a more holistic and resilient approach to economic development.

Technology and the Evolution of Civil Law: Implications of Cryptocurrency Transaction Regulation

<span lang="EN-US">This research investigates the regulatory implications of cryptocurrency transactions in the context of the evolution of civil law, including consumer protection, prevention of illegal activities, and maintenance of financial market integrity. The background of the research refers to the economic paradigm shift towards digital assets such as cryptocurrencies, which has changed the global financial transaction landscape. This research method involves a combined approach between civil law analysis, a literature study on blockchain technology, and a review of the latest regulations related to cryptocurrencies in Indonesia. The results show that the evolution of technology in cryptocurrencies has presented new challenges to conventional civil law. The unclear legal status of cryptocurrencies, security risks, and potential illegal use are significant concerns. The regulatory implications on cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia illustrate the government's efforts to accommodate innovation while protecting the public interest. Some recommendations include a more collaborative approach between the government, the industry sector, and legal institutions to develop a regulatory framework that fits the characteristics of these technologies.</span>

Responding to climate change in Aotearoa New Zealand: Universities, neoliberalism and narratives of change

AbstractThis article investigates how the eight universities in Aotearoa New Zealand are responding to climate change. It employs a mixed methods approach and involves a detailed analysis of the documentation that universities have produced in relation to climate change, supported by a critical discourse analysis and interviews with key actors in universities' climate change response. All universities in Aotearoa New Zealand were found to be mobilising in response to climate change, with targets set for reducing emissions, plans developed, and work programmes underway. These targets are not limited to decarbonization but include ambitions to embed sustainability values across teaching, research and campus life. While these climate change responses contain positive and aspirational narratives grounded in indigenous values, the primary discourses perpetuate neoliberal ideas of reconciliation that suggest no radical change is needed. Universities are further constrained by the impacts of neoliberalism and their need to financially survive within an unsustainable economic paradigm. The research concludes that it seems unlikely that transformational change will be led by universities in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Organizational change towards the circular economy: A systematic review of the literature

AbstractScholars have long studied how organizations can transition towards greater sustainability, but it is only recently that they have begun to investigate a fundamentally new stream in sustainability thinking: the circular economy paradigm. Instead of the ‘make‐use‐dispose’ approach of a linear economy, a circular economy aims at eliminating waste and avoiding damage to the environment by closing resource loops. Given the recent surge of scholarly interest in the ways in which organizations can change towards working in a more circular way, it is important and timely to verify what scholars have learnt, what remains contested, and what should be done next. To this end, we are reviewing literature on the emerging field of ‘Organizational Change towards a Circular Economy’ (OCCE). We identify and analyse research that sits at the interface of organizational change theory and the circular economy paradigm and provide a systematic literature review. Our review reveals consensus, ambiguities, and differences in the OCCE literature along three main dimensions of organizational change (i.e., content, process, and context). Furthermore, we develop a novel and encompassing conceptualization of OCCE as well as outline future research opportunities. Overall, our study brings together the growing but fragmented body of OCCE research and outlines scientific and practical avenues for making progress in a more unified and systematic way.

The Implementation of the Circular Economy R-Principles and Strategies: The Portuguese Hotel Industry Perspective

Circular Economy (CE) is a concept that has been gaining increasing importance in business circles and advocated by European Union, and by several governments worldwide. It is acknowledged that it has the potential to optimise resource efficiency, minimise production and consumption of greenhouse gas emissions, while simultaneously granting competitive advantage business prospects. Although it has been gaining momentum among academia, politicians, and practitioners, it is apparent some struggling when it comes to the design of a framework explaining how companies can embrace circularity and on how to adapt their business model to this new economic system. Despite its importance and applicability by the travel and tourism sector in general and the hotel industry in particular, it is insufficiently studied and examined. This empirical study investigates this concept on the Portuguese hotel industry perspective concerning the adoption of CE practices and CE R-principles through a survey instrument disseminated across the Portuguese hotel industry, with 78 valid responses. This article also introduces a new set of R-principles to the already existing ones, and contributes to the scientific research on the travel and tourism industry, and mainly to the one linked with the Portuguese hotel industry, which has been vaguely examined up to now. The results obtained indicate that these R-principles have been gaining importance, being adopted, and put into practice by the Portuguese hotel industry with special emphasis on the 3R-Principles (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) along with Repair. Findings also indicate that some initiatives that are in line with a Circular Economy paradigm, namely recycling, reducing water and energy consumption, and cleaning management policies, towel and bed linen programmes, staff and education programmes, green products, certifications, among others, are also being considered.

A Critical Juncture: Russia, Ukraine and the Global South

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine constitutes a critical juncture for the trajectory of the liberal-international order. It has undermined the US-led order by widening geopolitical rifts between the West and the Global South, increasing pressure on liberal democracy on a global scale and weakening the neo-liberal economic paradigm that has anchored the economic order since the 1980s.

Artificial intelligence and religious freedom: divergent paths converging on economic expansion

In the current era, the symbiotic relationship between artificial intelligence, religious freedom, and economic growth remains a topic of paramount importance. This study embarks on an in-depth exploration of these dynamics across 26 countries from 2000 to 2021. Utilizing the panel vector auto-regression model, the findings underscore a significant positive correlation between artificial intelligence, religious freedom, and economic growth. The forecast-error variance decomposition highlights the growing importance of both variables. It projects their increasing relevance in future economic landscapes. Furthermore, the study reaffirms the indomitable role of traditional growth drivers, specifically labor and capital inputs. The Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality analysis bolsters the validity and reliability of these findings. In summary, this research strengthens established economic paradigms and reveals new interactions, offering important implications for academics, policymakers, and stakeholders.

Management of Innovative Development of the Regional Industrial Complex: Theoretical Aspect

   Relevance. Innovative development is currently an integral part of any organization, city, country and the world as a whole. Innovative development determines the potential and ability to achieve a goal through the use of new technologies The modern world is a dynamic system at the stage of globalization associated with the expansion of international integration and the creation of regional integration associations. The modern economic paradigm, as the main instrument of systems, is exposed to the danger of wasteful consumption of resources caused by market competition. The concept of sustainable development of socio-economic systems is a new paradigm, the main content of which is a global unregulated economy and the need to find comprehensive solutions to achieve the goals of social, economic and environmental development. Thus, managing the innovative development of the regional industrial complex is a pressing issue, the study of which should begin with consideration of theoretical aspects.   The purpose of the study is to study the theoretical aspects of managing the innovative development of the regional industrial complex.   The objectives of the scientific article are to reflect the research ideas of Russian and foreign authors regarding the basic concepts that reveal the topic of research, such as “innovative development”, “industrial complex”; approaches to the composition of the structure of the industrial complex of the region are considered.   Methodology. The research methodology includes the use of methods of comparative analysis of the points of view of scientists of Russian and foreign science, analysis and synthesis.   The results of the study are presented by a comparative analysis of theoretical views on the main scientific categories of management of innovative development of the regional industrial complex, such as “innovative development”, “industrial complex”, the structure of the regional industrial complex.   Conclusions. A theoretical study of managing the innovative development of the industrial complex of the region was carried out in the context of a discussion between representatives of Russian and foreign science, substantiating the author's concept of managing the innovative development of the industrial complex of the region.

경제안보 패러다임 하에서 한일간 협력 강화의 중요성 고찰

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to look back on Korea-Japan economic relations in the wake of the recent improvement in Korea-Japan relations, and to consider the importance and necessity of strengthening cooperation between Korea and Japan in a trade environment where economic security and protectionism are spreading.
 Research design, data, and methodology: This paper first reviews recent studies similar to the scope of this study, and then examines changes in the world economic order and global trade environment due to the spread of the economic security paradigm. Based on this, we analyze the challenges facing Korea and Japan, and then consider why strengthening cooperation between Korea and Japan is important and necessary under the current trade environment where protectionism is rampant. The analysis method uses various international organizations and Korea-Japan trade statistics to analyze the structure and characteristics of Korea-Japan exports and imports, the effects of the Korea-Japan FTA within RCEP, and the ripple effects of the expansion of Korea-Japan cooperation.
 Results: This paper analyzes the relationship between the economic and industrial structures between Korea and Japan and suggests that building a strong cooperative relationship at the present time, as it has in the past, will bring about mutual benefits. In particular, it emphasizes the need for active response through multilateral cooperation on the international stage, such as RCEP and IPEF, and not limited to cooperation between the two countries. Specifically, the Korean and Japanese economies have a fundamental condition in which they cannot help but prioritize the U.S.-led economic bloc when choosing between the U.S.-led economic bloc and the Chinese-led economic bloc. However, as mentioned above, the Korean and Japanese economies are faced with a dilemma in that they have a connection and closeness with the Chinese economy that cannot be easily escaped. If bleeding occurs due to intensified competition between Korean and Japanese companies, there is a high possibility that only China will benefit as it will be able to purchase at low prices. On the contrary, if cooperation between Korean and Japanese companies is strengthened and transactions are carried out with Chinese companies, the Chinese economy is still highly dependent on the Korean and Japanese economies, so negotiations can be advantageously guided in the direction demanded by both Korea and Japan.
 Implications: Our government must recognize that Korea and Japan can continue to generate economic benefits by strengthening cooperation between the two countries, even under the economic security paradigm, considering the similarities in economic and industrial structures, the closeness of the economic development process, and the shared concepts of capitalism and free markets. It should not be overlooked that if trade friction or disputes occur between specific countries among the three countries, this could have a negative impact, so to speak, on large losses, not only to the relevant country but also to the other country. Therefore, strengthening cooperation between Korea and Japan is an essential option in the current situation.